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What is a macula?

What is a macula? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. (anatomy) An oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye, histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells, responsible for detailed central vision.
  2. A spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun or of some other luminous orb.
  3. A rather large spot or blotch of color.
  4. In planetary geology, an unusually dark area on the surface of a planet or moon.
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As blood passes by the macula through retinal blood vessels, the pigments pass through the macula's outer layer to rest in high concentrations inside its center.
The macula serves to facilitate central vision and allows for high-resolution visual acuity.
With the head erect, the macula in each utricle is oriented horizontally, and in the saccule vertically.
Visual results are best if the retinal detachment is repaired before the macula detaches.
The central retina, or macula, and the centermost macula, or fovea, exhibit structural and cellular specializations for fine central acuity.
The macula densa and JG cells are jointly called the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

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